Alternative Gavage Diet for Piscivores

Authors

  • Stephanie Herman PAWS Wildlife Center

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53607/wrb.v32.42

Keywords:

Nutrition, piscivorous birds, seabirds, pelagic birds, diving birds, whole fish diets, gavage diets

Abstract

In 2010, PAWS Wildlife Center received a grant through the National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association (NWRA) to run a trial using an alternative gavage diet for piscivorous birds. Previous recipes primarily involved ground whole fish, which presents several problems including complicated preparation and an unreliable diet composition. PAWS’ new recipe, based on a fish–sourced canned pet diet, has shown to be a consistent, cost– and labor–effective alternative to ground fish diets. This paper discusses the unique dietary requirements of piscivorous birds, the composition and use of the new diet, and the data collected during the trial period.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Stephanie Herman, PAWS Wildlife Center

Stephanie Herman blah Stephanie Herman has been a wildlife rehabilitator for more than ten years, worked with the Oiled Wildlife Care Network, UC Davis Wildlife Health Center, and is now with PAWS Wildlife Center in Washington State. While earning her degree at the University of Guelph she developed a special interest in nutrition, completing several advanced courses and an independent study on the feeding behavior of captive gray wolves. She presented the content of this paper at the 2013 NWRA Symposium.

References

Ainley, D. G., L. B. Spear, and S. G. Allen. 1996. Variation in the Diet of Cassin’s Auklet Reveals Spatial, Seasonal, and Decadal Occurrence Patterns of Euphausiids off California, USA. Marine Ecology‒Progress Series. 137: 1‒10.

Akeson, W. R., and M. A. Stahmann. 1964. A Pepsin Pancreatin Digest Index of Protein Quality Evaluation. Journal of Nutrition. 83(3): 257‒261.

Anthony, J. A., D. D. Roby, and K. R. Turco. 2000. Lipid Content and Energy Density of Forage Fishes from the Northern Gulf of Alaska. Journal of Experiemental Marine Biology and Ecology. 248: 53‒78.

Bernard, J. B., and M. E. Allen. 2002. Handbook for Feeding Captive Piscivorous Animals: Nutritional Aspects of Fish as Food. Nutrition Advisory Group Handbook, Fact Sheet 005. Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield Zoo: Chicago, IL.

Bill, J., L. Corsiglia, V. Masvidal, M. Merrick, and S. Riggs. 2012. An Introduction to Aquatic Bird Rehabilitation. Bird Ally X: Arcata, CA.

Birds of North America Online [Homepage on the Internet]. Cornell Lab of Ornithology: Ithaca, NY. c2014. Available from: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/.

Boateng, A. A., K. Sriram, M. M. Meguid, and M. Crook. 2010. Refeeding Syndrome: Treatment Considerations Based on Collective Analysis of Literature Case Reports. Nutrition. 26: 156‒167.

Brugger, K. E. 1993. Digestibility of Three Fish Species by Double‒crested Cormorants. The Condor. 95: 25‒32.

Bryant, D. M., and R. W Furness. 1995. Basal Metabolic Rates of North Atlantic Seabirds. Ibis. 137: 219‒226.

Crissey, S .D. 1998. Handling Fish Fed to Fish‒eating Animals: A Manual of Standard Operating Procedures. US Dept of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Agricultural Library, http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/fshndl.htm.

De Graaf, R. M., N. G. Tilghman, and S. H. Anderson. 1985. Foraging Guilds of North American Birds. Environmental Management. 9: 493‒536.

Drazen, J. C. 2007. Depth Related Trends in Proximate Composition of Demersal Fishes in the Eastern North Pacific. Deep‒sea Research I. 54: 203‒219.

Frankfurter, G., M. H. Ziccardi, and J. G. Massey. 2012. Effects of Freshwater Housing and Fluid Types on Aquatic Bird Serum Electrolyte Concentrations. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 43:852‒857.

Gokoglu, N., P. Yerlikaya, and E. Cengiz. 2004. Effects of Cooking Methods on the Proximate Composition and Mineral Contents of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Food Chemistry. 84: 19‒22.

Hilton, G. M., D. C. Houston, and R. W. Furness. 1998. Which Components of Diet Quality Affect Retention Time of Digesta in Seabirds? Functional Ecology. 12: 929‒939.

Hilton, G. M., R. W. Furness, D. C. Houston. 2000a. The Effects of Diet Switching and Mixing on Digestion in Seabirds. Functional Ecology. 14: 145‒154.

Hilton, G. M., R. W. Furness, and D. C. Houston. 2000b. A Comparative Study of Digestion in North Atlantic Seabirds. Journal of Avian Biology. 31: 36‒46.

Jackson, S., and P. G. Ryan. 1986. Differential Digestion Rates of Prey by White–chinned Petrels (Procellaria aequinoctialis). The Auk. 103: 617‒619.

Jackson, S., and A. R. Place. 1990. Gastrointestinal Transit and Lipid Assimilation Efficiencies in Three Species of Sub‒arctic Seabird. Journal of Experimental Zoology. 255: 141.

Jackson, S., and A. R. Place. 1992. Chitin Digestion and Assimilation by Seabirds. The Auk. 109: 758.

Klasing, K. C. 1998. Comparative Avian Nutrition. CAB International: New York, NY.

Laugksch, R. C., and D. C. Duffy. 1986. Food Transit Rates in Cape Gannets and Jackass Penguins. The Condor. 88: 117‒119.

Manuwal, D. A. 1974. The Natural History of Cassin’s Auklet. The Condor. 76(4): 421‒431.

McClements, R., S. Crissey, and W. Jansen. 2003. Pelican & Cormorant Husbandry Manual, 1st edition. Association of Zoos and Aquariums: Silver Spring, MD.

McWilliams, D. A. 2008. Nutritional Considerations for Captive Charadriiformes (Shorebirds, Gulls and Alcids). CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources. 3(28): 1‒8.

Michel, K. E. 2004. Preventing and Managing Complications of Enteral Nutritional Support. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice. 19(1): 49‒53.

Montevecchi, W. A., and J. Piatt. 1984. Composition and Energy Contents of Mature Inshore Spawning Capelin (Mallotus villosus): Implications for Seabird Predators. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 78(1): 15‒20.

Orosz, S. E. 2013. Critical Care Nutrition for Exotic Animals. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine. 22: 163‒177.

Robards, M. D., J. A. Anthony, G. A. Rose, and J. F. Piatt. 1999. Changes in Proximate Composition and Somatic Energy Content for Pacific Sand Lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) from Kachemak Bay, Alaska Relative to Maturity and Season. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 242: 245‒258.

Roby, D. D., K. L. Brink, and A. R. Place. 1989. Relative Passage Rates of Lipid and Aqueous Digesta in the Formation of Stomach Oils. The Auk. 106: 303‒313.

Romero, M. L., and R. C. Romero. 2002. Corticosterone Responses in Wild Birds: The Importance of Rapid Initial Sampling. The Condor. 104: 129‒135.

Sarwar, G. 1984. Available Amino Acid Score for Evaluating Protein Quality of Foods. Journal— Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 67(3): 623‒626.

Toppe, J., S. Albrektsen, B. Hope, and A. Aksnes. 2007. Chemical Composition, Mineral Content and Amino Acid and Lipid Profiles in Bones from Various Fish Species. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 146(3): 395‒401.

USDA. Keep Food Safe! Food Safety Basics [Food Safety Fact Sheet]. United States Department of Agriculture: Washington DC. [updated 15 June 2013a]. Available from: http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food–safety‒education/get‒answers/food‒safety‒fact–sheets/safe‒food‒handling/keep‒food‒safe‒food‒safety‒basics/CT_Index.

USDA. Freezing and Food Safety [Food Safety Fact Sheet]. United States Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC. [updated 15 June 2013b]. Available from: http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food‒safety‒education/get‒answers/food‒safety‒fact‒sheets/safe‒food‒handling/freezing‒and‒food‒safety.

Van Pelt, T. I., J. F. Piatt, B. K. Lance, and D. D. Roby. 1997. Proximate Composition and Energy Density of Some North Pacific Forage Fishes. Journal of Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 118 (4): 1393‒1398.

Weese, J. S. 2003. Evaluation of Deficiencies in Labeling of Commercial Probiotics. The Canadian Veterinary Journal. 44(12): 982‒983.

Wetmore, A. 1924. Food and Economic Relations of North American Grebes. US Department of Agriculture Department Bulletin. 1196: 1‒23.

Winn, D., and M. Finke. 2008. Formula for Nestling Songbirds (FoNS): Update for 2008. Wildlife Rehabilitation Bulletin. 26(1): 17‒20.

Wynn, S. G. 2009. Probiotics in Veterinary Practice. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 234(5): 606‒613.

Published

2016-12-31

How to Cite

Herman, S. (2016). Alternative Gavage Diet for Piscivores. Wildlife Rehabilitation Bulletin, 32(2), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.53607/wrb.v32.42

Issue

Section

Original Articles

Categories